Breeding for drought tolerance in maize zea mays l. Drought has significant effect on corn crop condition. The effects of drought on crop yields and yield variability in sahel. Due to these anticipated lower yields, it is likely that south africa will need to import a significant amount of maize this year to meet domestic demand. The effects of drought on crop yields and yield variability in. Pdf on mar 31, 2014, bruno basso and others published temperature and drought effects on maize yield find, read and cite all the research you need on. Drought has been a major cause of agricultural disaster, yet how it affects the vulnerability of maize and wheat production in combination with several covarying factors i. With the exception of united states, major producers of maize e. Drought stress effects on maize plant effect of drought on seedling establishment it was studied that maize seedlings adapt to low water potential by making the walls in the apical part of root further extensible. Cultivation on marginal crop lands is, however, not recommended. Determining the effects of progressive drought pd on dry matter production, partitioning, and grain yield of maize will help in designing a. Drought stress response in plants showed tissue and developmental stagespecific characteristics. However, the weakening producttofeed ratio, driven by the higher maize and soya bean prices, has reduced profit margins. Effects of drought stress on maize from germination to physiological maturity are extensively elaborated in this chapter.
Drought and disease development in maize farmers weekly. Maize is adversely affected by the current climate trend in nepal. The area planted to maize for 2016 is estimated at 1,95 million ha, which is, besides 2006 1,60 million ha, the smallest area planted to maize since the 1928. Pdf global synthesis of drought effects on maize and. Drought has been a major cause of agricultural disaster, yet how it affects the vulnerability of maize and wheat production in combination. Application of s fertilizers significantly p bureau of labor statistics bls monthly export price index.
The question of how to adapt maize production to drought has received great attention from policy makers, researchers and farmers. One of the biggest challenges in the african maize seed sector is seed production. The crop can be grown in various soils and weather conditions. The maize zea mays drought transcriptome was studied using rnaseq analysis to compare droughttreated and wellwatered fertilized ovary and basal leaf meristem tissue. The area planted to maize for 2016 is estimated at 1,95 million ha, which is, besides 2006 1,60 million ha, the smallest area planted to maize since the 1928 season 1,926 million ha.
Impacts of drought on maize and soybean production in northeast. Drought effects on us maize and soybean production. Drought stress affects cereals especially during the reproductive stage. The maize crop having been reported at a level of 7,16 million tons in 2016 a.
Maize production is highly dependent on climatic conditions, with temperature and precipitation being the main drivers. Edmeades, progress in achieving and delivering drought tolerance in maize an update, supported by key references, was originally. Drought can have serious health, social, economic, and political impacts with farreaching consequences. All these factors will result in an estimated total maize harvest of 7. Drought hasbeenamajor causeofagriculturaldisaster, yethowitaffects the vulnerability. Using monthly climate and agriculture data, the influence of drought on maize and soybean yieldstwo of the main crops in the regionin. Hot, dry weather in the maize production areas of north west, free state and limpopo is believed to be caused by cyclones in the indian ocean, which absorb the moisture from the subcontinents interior. The immediate and in fact the profound impacts of drought risk in southern africa are manifested through the low and declining performance of the agricultural. In order to evaluate the effects of adaptation strategies against.
A raindrop in the drought agri sas status report on the current drought crisis february 2016 3 12% surface area can be used for crop production of which only 22% is high potential south africa largest producer of sugar, milk and fresh fruit in southern africa. Water is one of the most essential commodities for human survival, second only to breathable air. Using a data synthesis approach, this study aims to better characterize the effects of those covarying factors with drought and to provide. Drought stress have deleterious effects on the seedling.
Here we evaluate the algorithms that determine impacts of heat and drought stress on maize in 16 major maize models by incorporating these algorithms into a standard model, the agricultural production systems simulator apsim, and running an ensemble of simulations. Executive summary the current drought has had a devastating effect on south african agriculture. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed a massive. Research article impact of adoption of droughttolerant maize varieties ontotal maize production in south eastern zimbabwe rodney witman lundukaa, kumbirai ivyne matevab, cosmos magorokoshoa and pepukai manjeruc ainternational maize and wheat improvement centre cimmyt, harare, zimbabwe. Renapri, january 2016 impact on prices and trade flow apart from projecting the impact of the drought on the maize crop, the partial equilibrium model simulated the consequent impact on. Pdf temperature and drought effects on maize yield researchgate. Impacts of drought such as the effects on a regions climatology, increases in food insecurity and food prices and the integration of. Any imbalance in water availability exposes the plants to water stress. Effects of drought on the maize transcriptome at this early, and crucial, stage of ovary development have not, as yet, been characterized, and whether the various pathways invoked in the studies enumerated above contribute to the observed cessation of embryo growth in stressed plants at as early as 1 to 2 dap is as yet unknown. When there is a droughtwhich by definition means having too little water to meet current demandsconditions can become difficult or.
However, the weakening producttofeed ratio, driven by the higher maize. Taking the droughts potential effects into account, the bfap report presents a second scenario in which estimated crop yields reach only 6. While no yield difference was observed among regions or different soil texture, wheat cultivation in the dryland was more prone to yield loss than. Drought is one of the most detrimental forms of abiotic stress around the world and seriously limits the productivity of agricultural crops. As one of the most widely distributed crops, maize plants frequently suffer from drought stress, which causes great losses in the final kernel yield. Damages caused by drought and fires, the current state of. Although water scarcity is a severe abiotic constraint of legume crops productivity, it remains.
Maize production in ssa in general and in southern africa in particular is constrained by natural forces in addition to the formidable institutional bottlenecks that characterize most of the countries. Climate change and crop production edited by matthew p. Effects of drought stress on maize depend on the growth stage of prevalence, duration of prevalence, and intensity of stress. Pdf drought stress, its effect on maize production and. Pdf the effects of droughts on food security in kenya. We further show that the adoption of these varieties increased investments in maize production at the extensive margin through maize area increase and to a more limited extent at the intensive margin through mechanization. Impact of adoption of droughttolerant maize varieties on. Drought and its associated impacts have been causing critical problems for agriculture, vulnerable communities and overall development for many years in south africa.
That is why the development of maize varieties with enhanced tolerance to drought stress and higher water use efficiency wue has become a high priority goal for major breeding programs. The impact of drought on the productivity of two rainfed crops in spain. The impact of the 201516 drought on staple maize markets. Amongst the natural forces, drought has repeatedly been reported to be the most important challenge of maize production in the region kassie et. Projected impact on maize production 201516 from october 2015 baseline.
Water is direly needed for normal growth and development of maize crop. Impact of the 2012 drought on field crops and cattle. Successful maize production depends on the correct application of production inputs that will sustain the environment as well as agricultural production. Global synthesis of drought effects on maize and wheat production. Drought is a serious causal factor of reduced crop yields than any other abiotic stresses. The current drought has had a devastating effect on south african agriculture. Intensive livestock producers managed to maintain production during 2015. Adapting maize production to drought in the northeast. Drought affects maize parts of south africa now seem to be desert lands due to the drought which has affected the agricultural sector of south africa. With aboveaverage temperatures expected for the rest of the production season and continued dry conditions, grain sa foresees a negative impact on maize crop yields. Adapting maize production to climate change in subsaharan. Information about critical growth stages is a prerequisite for. Constant normalized te as used in apsim is based on celllevel arguments and does not take into account whole canopy dynamics.
Livestock production is the most important economic activity in kenya. However, in many regions of the world, their production has been adversely affected by drought. Water is a cooling agent plays an important role in the functioning of plant body. A case study is presented where the production of drought tolerant maize varieties in eastern and southern africa esa was. The impact of a drought on crop producers is immediate. Progress in achieving and delivering drought tolerance in. The adoption of droughttolerant maize varieties increased yield by 15% and reduced the probability of crop failure by 30%. Sulfatemediated drought tolerance in maize involves. Land use practice in arid and semiarid lands asals of kenya is most affected by droughts, which lead to pasture scarcity. Pdf direct and residual effects of different poultry. The drought has resulted in widespread livestock losses, as well as signficantmillion crop failure resulting in cereal deficits of 9 million metric tons.
With this, we can recommend that any program dealing with minimizing adverse impact of climate change on foodcrops production should first consider the crops like maize and potato, which are being affected at higher degree. Information about critical growth stages is a prerequisite for successful breeding program. Effects of severe water stress on maize growth processes in. Many studies have explored the effects of water stress on the growth and development of maize. Maize, one of the leading cereal crops in the world, is sensitive to drought stress. Temperature and drought effects on maize yield nature. Maize production in the north west province mmidi tswana maize is the main staple food of the majority of south africans and is produced widely on a small scale as well as commercially. Differential responses of maize yield to drought at vegetative and. The use of genetics to improve drought tolerance and provide yield stability is an important part of the solution to stabilizing global production. In south africa five of the nine provinces have been declared disaster regions, due to lack of crop growth for this. Related content changes in rainfed and irrigated crop yield response to climate in the western us x li and t j troy. This study investigated the direct and residual effects of different poultry compost and npk fertilizer applications on the growth components of droughttolerant maize zea mays l. More droughtresponsive genes responded in the ovary compared with the leaf meristem.
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